The Al Jazeera Centre for Studies published on 27 January 2025 an analysis titled "The New Battleground: Competing International Interests in the Gulf of Guinea" by Hakeem Alade Najimdeen, a Nigerian researcher.
The author looks at the interests of the United States, China, Russia, France, United Kingdon, India, Turkey, and Japan in the Gulf of Guinea and the competition among these countries for influence there.