International Development Policy published in 2014 an article titled "China's Higher Education Engagement with Africa: A Different Partnership and Cooperation Model?" by Kenneth King, University of Edinburgh.
The article examines China's investment in human resources in Africa, especially in higher education, through several programs including long- and short-term training of Africans in China, Confucius Institutes, stand-alone projects and the 20+20 scheme for higher education cooperation between China and Africa.