The Institute for Security Studies (ISS) published on 20 September 2018 a commentary titled "Indebted Africa Returns to the International Monetary Fund" by Peter Fabricius, ISS consultant.
The author notes that a significant number of African countries are turning to the International Monetary Fund to seek bailouts as a result of excessive debt. While China's huge infrastructure loans have contributed to this problem, other bilateral donors and international financial institutions must also share the blame.