Oxford Analytica published on 21 January 2013 an analysis titled "New Challenges Arise as China-Africa Ties Deepen."
It argued that attention is shifting from alleged East-West ideological competition to the practical challenges and opportunities Africa faces in engaging at multiple levels with a major "new" partner. Although state-to-state ties remain the most important, the activities of Chinese and African provincial and local governments, private firms, and other non-state actors including the Chinese media are gaining in salience.