The Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies China Africa Research Initiative published in March 2020 a study titled "Chinese Medical Teams: Knowledge Transfer in Ethiopia and Malawi" by Allison Grande, Sara Fischer, and James Sayre.
The study explores Chinese medical teams in Ethiopia and Malawi to analyze the scale and effectiveness of knowledge transfer between team members and host country medical personnel. It concludes that only limited knowledge transfer results from the program. Systemic constraints, including language barriers and underdeveloped program management practices, limit the teams'ability to operate at their full potential as trainers and practitioners.