The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace published on 28 April 2022 an analysis titled "How Russia's Hollow Humanitarianism Hurt Its Vaccine Diplomacy in Africa" by Matthew T. Page and Paul Stronski.
Russia's vaccine diplomacy in Africa largely failed for a variety of reasons, including its small development presence on the continent. Russia provides marginal amounts of assistance to Africa outside of the $20 billion in Soviet-era debt that it has forgiven.
