Rowaq Arabi and the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies published on 18 December 2022 a study titled "Sino-Arab Cooperation and Its Impact on Human Rights in the Arab Region" by Ahmed A. Khalifa and Rokaya M. Selim.
Drawing on case studies in Sudan, Libya, Syria, and Yemen, the authors conclude that China's position on human rights differs according to two factors. First, it depends on the presence of a stable government in the country. When such a government exists, China's position is more coherent and balanced. Conversely, if the state is divided or contested by two governments or several parties, China's position will be unclear or two-tiered. Second, China attempts to maintain a balance in its regional ties in countries experiencing crisis.
