Forum on China-Africa Cooperation and the Environment

 Academia Letters published in July 2021 a study titled "Socio-environmental Imperatives for China-Africa Cooperation ahead of FOCAC 2021" by Joshua Maiyo, United States International University.

Since the Johannesburg Action Plan (2016-2018), FOCAC has committed to promoting an integrated green development approach on the continent.  The author argues that progress in tackling critical environmental injustices that threaten biodiversity, environmental sustainability, and livelihoods of local communities has lagged behind commitments, although COVID-19 has contributed to the reduction in progress.

Improving Security in the Western Indian Ocean

The Institute for Security Studies (ISS) published on 23 May 2018 an analysis titled "From Djibouti to Jeddah, the Western Indian Ocean Needs Security" by Christian Bueger, Cardiff University, and Timothy Walker, ISS.

Twenty littoral countries in southern and eastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula adopted in 2009 the original Djibouti Code of Conduct that deals with maritime security threats. In 2017, they added the Jeddah Amendments. The guidelines now cover piracy, trafficking of arms and narcotics, illegal wildlife trade, illegal oil bunkering and theft, human trafficking and smuggling, and the illegal dumping of toxic waste. The issue now is how to move from declarations of intent to effective action. In addition, three key states--India, Pakistan and Iran--are not members of the amended Djibouti Code of Conduct.

Air and Water Quality under Pressure in Africa: UNEP Assessment

The United Nations Environment Program released on 19 May 2016 its Global Environmental Outlook (GEO-6): Regional Assessments. It includes a four page summary for Africa and the entire regional report as well as those for other world regions. While Africa has 80 percent of the world's reserve of agricultural land, its environment is under pressure from urbanization and industrialization as well as a growing population. This has resulted in the degradation of air, land, and water quality.