Financing African Energy Projects

 The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace published in November 2023 a paper titled "Who Finances Energy Projects in Africa?" by Oyintarelado Moses.  

The largest energy finance providers in Africa between 2012 and 2021 were China, World Bank, Italy, France, and the United States.  The top African recipients of energy during these years were Egypt, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa, and Angola.  

Russia in Zimbabwe and Mozambique

 The South African Institute of International Affairs published in November 2020 a study titled "Russia's Resurgence in Africa: Zimbabwe and Mozambique" by Dzvinka Kachur.

The report looks at two examples of resurgent Africa-Russia relations: Zimbabwe and Mozambique.  It provides a detailed mapping of Russian activities in these two countries.  The main focus is on extractive industries, arms sales, and political cooperation.  

Chinese Energy Financing in Africa

Boston University's Global Development Policy Center published in February 2019 a report titled "Global Risks and Investment Uncertainty: Chinese Global Energy Finance in 2018" by Xinyue Ma, Kevin P. Gallagher, and Xintong Bu.

The report notes that of China's global energy financing between 2008 and 2012, Africa received on average 7 percent of the total. Between 2013 and 2017, this percentage increased to 20 percent annually. In 2018, Africa received almost $4.8 billion of a global total of $8.6 billion or about 55 percent. Chinese energy loans to Africa in 2018 were used primarily for coal and hydropower power generation.