The Center for Global Development published on 17 March 2025 an analysis titled "Channeling the FOCAC 2024 Financing Pledge in a Time of Global Turmoil" by W. Gyude Moore.
This study looks at China's lending to African countries following the 2024 Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, increasing debt challenges in Africa, and global trends that are restricting financing available for African countries.
Reuters published on 1 October 2024 an article titled "Ethiopia Expects 'Tangible Progress' on Deal with Creditor Nations by December" by Duncan Miriri.
Ethiopia defaulted on its external debt in December 2023 and hopes to reach a deal with creditors by the end of this year. Ethiopia's debt stands at about $29 billion with half of it owed to multilateral lenders like the IMF, World Bank, and African Development Bank. Of the $12 billion owed to bilateral lenders, China accounts for more than $7 billion, Paris Club countries under $2 billion, and Saudi Arabia just over $1 billion.
The Center for Global Development published on 12 September 2024 a proposal titled "At FOCAC, China Renewed Commitments to Africa. Here's What Needs to Happen Next" by W. Gyude Moore.
The author proposes that China expand the $2 billion Chinese-created Africa Growing Together Fund (AGTF) administered by the African Development Bank and embrace a wider slate of participants to enable continued and sustainable lending from China to Africa. More specifically, he suggests that China expand AGTF capital to $5 billion and reauthorize it for another 10 years.
The International Railway Journal published on 21 May 2024 an article titled "Kenya Secures More Chinese Funding for Standard Gauge Railway" by Robert Preston.
Kenya has secured a commitment from the Export-Import Bank of China for a loan to fund the remaining sections of the Standard Gauge Railway from Naivasha to Malaba on the border with Uganda. Kenya needs to confirm loans totaling an estimated $5.3 billion from commercial banks to complete the project.
The South China Morning Post published on 4 May 2024 an article titled "Does China's Oil-for-Infrastructure Lending Model in Africa Need a Rethink?" by Jevans Nyabiage.
Chinese loans to certain African governments back by payment in resources such as oil, known as the Angola model, come with a hidden danger--fluctuating commodity prices. The African Development Bank has called for an end to the loans.
The Council on Foreign Relations blog posted on 28 December 2023 a commentary titled "Ethiopia in Troubled Waters" by Michelle Gavin.
The author argues that Ethiopia ended 2023 on a sour note underscored by diminishing trust in the Ethiopian government as the year progressed.
The Kiel Institute for the World Economy published in April 2023 a paper titled "Who Lends to Africa and How? Introducing the Africa Debt Database" by David Mihalyi and Christoph Trebesch.
The African debt boom was mainly driven by large sovereign bond issuances in London and New York, as well as growing lending by Chinese state-owned banks. The average interest rate for multilateral lenders was 1 percent, for bilateral lenders other than China 1.3 percent, for Chinese lenders 3.2 percent, and for private sector lenders (sovereign bonds) 6.2 percent.
World Finance published on 3 August 2022 an analysis titled "End of the Line?" by John Muchira.
The author concludes that China is cutting infrastructure financing for Africa but hopes to maintain influence by expanding trade, investment, and military cooperation.
